The Longmen Grottoes comprise Buddhist caves, niches and sculptures along the Yi River south of Luoyang in Henan.
Which periods matter?#
UNESCO identifies the late Northern Wei and Tang periods as central to the collection. Its synthesis places the most intensive carving from the end of the fifth century to the middle of the eighth century. The cave complex should not be treated as a monument made in a single campaign.
What survives?#
Stone figures, stupas and inscriptions occur across the cliffside complex. UNESCO's synthesis discusses the Guyangdong and Binyang caves and the large Tang sculptures at Fengxiansi.
How should the art be interpreted?#
Compare the periods and named cave groups before attributing a style or patron to the entire site. Historical differences within the complex are part of its significance.